Publications

The unemployment rate across the European Union has fallen to historic lows. After years of persistent decline, the average unemployment rate is now around 6%, down from nearly 12% at its peak in 2013.

Access to enabling services is an important determinant of labour market participation and social inclusion.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of completed activities funded by the Employment and Social Innovation (EaSI) strand of the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) and their alignment with EaSI's operational objectives.

Across Europe, labour markets continue to face growing imbalances. This annual EURES report explores the situation in 2025 across EU countries, Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, shedding light on persistent occupational shortages and surpluses.

Apprenticeship, being particularly effective in delivering the skills and qualifications that individuals need in today’s economies and societies, has been expanding to new fields: occupations or sectors that have not typically been accessed through apprenticeship training.

This report investigates sectoral labour market developments across EU Member States from 2010 to 2024.

Adult learning has lately gained centrality as a focus topic in EU education policies because of its key role in tackling several ongoing demographic, societal, technological, digital, environmental and economic challenges.

The publication addresses the growing vulnerability of adults with low qualifications and skill levels within the EU labour market, in the context of the green and digital transitions, demographic ageing, and rising competitiveness pressures.

Shortages of vocational education and training (VET) teachers and trainers have become a structural challenge for Europe’s VET systems, hindering progress towards EU priorities of agile, quality-assured, flexible, inclusive, innovative and attractive VET.